Explanation

Yersinia species (feces): what is measured?

Yersinia enterocolitica is a bacterium that can cause an intestinal infection. Infection mainly happens through undercooked pork, raw milk or contaminated water. The laboratory looks for the bacterium with a PCR or a culture. There is no separate LCI guideline (RIVM) for Yersinia.

What can it detect?

Yersiniosis: an intestinal infection with diarrhea, fever and abdominal pain
Inflammation of lymph nodes in the abdomen that can resemble appendicitis

Result

What does the result mean?

Positive result

A positive result fits an infection with Yersinia. Symptoms are diarrhea, fever and abdominal pain, especially in young children; in older children and adults, pain in the lower right abdomen can resemble appendicitis. The infection usually clears up on its own. Sometimes joint inflammation (reactive arthritis) follows after a few weeks.

Negative result

A negative result means that the pathogen was not found in this stool sample. Some pathogens are shed irregularly, and shortly after infection the pathogen sometimes cannot be detected yet; so an infection is not always ruled out. According to Thuisarts.nl, diarrhea is usually caused by stomach flu; diarrhea that lasts longer than 2 weeks can also have other causes, such as medicines, not tolerating lactose well or an irritable bowel.

After an abnormal result

In a mild infection, treatment with antibiotics is usually not needed; in severe illness or a weakened immune system it is. Yersiniosis is not notifiable for individual cases, but it is if 2 or more people are ill from the same food (foodborne infection, group B2).

Reliability

How reliable is the test?

Testing the stool for pathogens that cause intestinal infections is routine testing in Dutch laboratories. According to the LCI guidelines (RIVM), a PCR is preferred over microscopy or culture for most pathogens, because it is more sensitive; a culture is sometimes still needed afterwards to type the bacterium or test its sensitivity to antibiotics. According to Thuisarts.nl, stool testing for diarrhea is mainly useful if you are very ill or if the diarrhea lasts longer than 2 weeks and does not get better; short-term diarrhea is usually caused by stomach flu and usually clears up on its own.

What can affect the result?

Parasites and worm eggs are shed irregularly; one sample can miss an infection, which is why laboratories sometimes ask for samples from several days.
Shortly after infection, the pathogen may not yet be detectable in the stool.
The longer the sample is in transit, the smaller the chance of a positive culture.
A PCR can also find genetic material from a pathogen that is no longer alive or from an infection that has already passed.

Who it is for

Who is the test useful for?

Useful for

According to Thuisarts.nl, stool testing is useful if you are very ill from diarrhea, or if the diarrhea lasts longer than 2 weeks and does not get better, including after travel. In people without symptoms, a positive result says less, because it may fit carriage or an infection that has already passed. Without symptoms, testing is mainly useful if the GGD (municipal public health service) asks for it, for example during an outbreak or because of work in the food sector or in healthcare.

How common is it?

Diarrhea is common and, according to Thuisarts.nl, is usually caused by stomach flu; bacteria and parasites are less often the cause. According to the LCI guidelines (RIVM), a few hundred to over a thousand infections with, for example, Salmonella, Shigella or Cryptosporidium are confirmed by a laboratory in the Netherlands each year, and the real number is much higher because most people are not tested. After travel to a country with poorer hygiene, the chance of a bacterial or parasitic intestinal infection is higher.

LCI guidelines (RIVM) and Thuisarts.nl

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