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BBloedCheckupLab made simple
  • Blood tests
    • Test packages
    • Hormones
    • Cardiovascular
    • Thyroid
    • Vitamins
    • Custom test request
    View all blood tests
  • At-home tests
    • Test packages
    • STDs
    • Hormones
    • Heart
    • Thyroid
    • Vitamins
    View all at-home tests
  • How it works
    • Blood collection at a location
    • At-home tests
      • Fingerstick
      • Urine
      • Saliva
      • Stool
      • Hair
      • Swab
    • Locations
    • Laboratories
    • Tests A-Z
    • Fasting guidance
    • Shipping
    • Risks
    • Incidental findings
  • Contact
    • Contact us
    • Custom testing
    • FAQ
    • Client reviews
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Tests A-Z

What does a test measure, and what does the result mean?

For each test: what it measures, what a high or low value can mean, how reliable it is and who it is useful for. With sources.

At a glance

  • 504 tests
  • With sources from Dutch guidelines
  • Not a diagnosis: discuss a result with your GP

504 tests

Categories

  • Blood count and blood group19
  • Iron7
  • Heart and vessels21
  • Sugar and metabolism30
  • Liver and pancreas19
  • Kidneys and electrolytes12
  • Urine tests10
  • Thyroid11
  • Hormones41
  • Vitamins, minerals and amino acids56
  • Inflammation and immunity19
  • Clotting4
  • Infections64
  • STIs20
  • Gut134
  • Allergy and intolerance14
  • Metals, toxins and medication20
  • Muscles and bones3

Blood count and blood group19

  • ABO blood groupBloodDetermines whether you have blood group A, B, AB or O; an inherited trait that matters mainly for a blood transfusion.
  • BasophilsBloodThe rarest white blood cells, involved in allergic reactions; as a single value rarely meaningful.
  • EosinophilsBloodA type of white blood cell that rises mainly with allergies and parasites; part of the extended blood count.
  • Erythrocytes (red blood cells)BloodThe number of red blood cells per liter of blood; together with hemoglobin and MCV the basis for assessing anemia.
  • Hematocrit (Ht)BloodThe share of the blood that consists of red blood cells; moves along with the hemoglobin and reacts strongly to the fluid balance.
  • Hemoglobin (Hb)BloodThe red blood pigment that carries oxygen; the standard measurement for diagnosing anemia.
  • Hemoglobin electrophoresisBloodChecks whether your hemoglobin has a hereditary abnormality; shows carriership of beta thalassemia or sickle cell disease, relevant when planning children.
  • Leukocytes (white blood cells)BloodThe total number of white blood cells, the immune cells; rises with infections and inflammation, falls with some medicines.
  • LymphocytesBloodThe white blood cells of the specific immune defense against viruses; raised in viral infections, low with stress, medicines or illness.
  • MCHBloodThe average amount of hemoglobin per red blood cell; follows the MCV and helps interpret the cause of anemia.
  • MCHCBloodThe hemoglobin concentration in the red blood cells; mainly a control value, low in longer-standing iron deficiency.
  • MCVBloodThe average size of the red blood cells; helps find the cause of anemia (iron deficiency or vitamin deficiency).
  • MonocytesBloodA type of white blood cell that clears bacteria and dead tissue; part of the extended blood count.
  • MPVBloodThe average size of the platelets; a supporting value that only says something together with the platelet count.
  • NeutrophilsBloodThe most numerous white blood cells and the first defense against bacteria; rise with infection, often fall due to medicines.
  • Platelets (thrombocytes)BloodThe number of platelets, needed for blood clotting; too few causes bruising and bleeding, too many is usually temporary.
  • RDWBloodHow much the red blood cells differ from each other in size; a supporting value when looking for the cause of anemia.
  • ReticulocytesBloodThe number of young red blood cells; shows whether the bone marrow is making enough new red blood cells, especially in anemia.
  • Rhesus D (RhD)BloodDetermines whether you are Rhesus D positive or negative; important in pregnancy and for a blood transfusion.

Iron7

  • FerritinBloodThe storage protein for iron; the best single measure of iron stores, but also raised with inflammation.
  • IronBloodThe amount of iron being transported in the blood at this moment; fluctuates strongly and on its own says little about the stores.
  • Iron (urine)UrineIron in urine says virtually nothing about the iron stores; the body hardly excretes iron through the kidneys.
  • Soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR)BloodA measure of the cells' need for iron; helps distinguish iron deficiency from anemia due to inflammation.
  • TIBC (total iron-binding capacity)BloodHow much iron the transport protein transferrin can bind; needed to calculate transferrin saturation.
  • TransferrinBloodThe protein that carries iron through the blood; needed to calculate the transferrin saturation in iron deficiency or iron overload.
  • Transferrin saturationBloodThe percentage of the transport protein transferrin that is loaded with iron; the most important sign of iron overload.

Heart and vessels21

  • Apo B/A1 ratioBloodCalculated ratio between the protein of the harmful cholesterol particles and that of HDL; adds little to the separate values.
  • Apolipoprotein A1BloodThe main protein of HDL, the 'good' cholesterol; moves almost in step with the HDL value.
  • Apolipoprotein A2BloodThe second protein of HDL cholesterol; its significance for the risk of cardiovascular disease is unclear.
  • Apolipoprotein BBloodThe protein on every LDL and VLDL particle; counts the number of harmful cholesterol particles and complements LDL and non-HDL.
  • Cholesterol, totalBloodThe total amount of cholesterol in the blood; one of the building blocks for estimating the risk of cardiovascular disease.
  • Cholesterol/HDL ratioBloodCalculated ratio between total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol; it says no more than those two separate values together.
  • DHABloodThe omega-3 fish fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid; the amount in the blood mainly reflects how much oily fish or fish oil you take in.
  • EPABloodThe omega-3 fish fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid; the amount in the blood mainly reflects how much oily fish or fish oil you take in.
  • HDL cholesterolBloodThe 'good' cholesterol that carries cholesterol away to the liver; a higher value fits a lower risk of cardiovascular disease.
  • HDL-LDL risk indexBloodCalculated ratio between LDL and HDL cholesterol as a rough measure of the cholesterol balance; adds little to the individual values.
  • HomocysteineBloodA breakdown product that rises with a deficiency of folic acid or vitamin B12; mainly useful when such a deficiency is in doubt.
  • LDL cholesterolBloodThe 'bad' cholesterol that is deposited in the blood vessel wall; the most important cholesterol value for risk estimation and treatment.
  • Lipoprotein(a)BloodAn inherited cholesterol particle that raises the risk of cardiovascular disease independently of LDL; one measurement is usually enough.
  • Non-HDL cholesterolBloodTotal cholesterol minus HDL: the cholesterol in all harmful particles, used in the GP's SCORE2 risk chart.
  • NT-proBNPBloodA substance the heart releases when it is under strain; used to rule out heart failure in people with symptoms such as shortness of breath.
  • Omega-3 indexBloodThe share of the fish fatty acids EPA and DHA in all fatty acids in your blood; a measure of how much oily fish or fish oil you take in.
  • Oxidized LDL cholesterolBloodThe part of LDL cholesterol that has been damaged by oxygen radicals; a research marker without a standardized measurement method.
  • Total fatty acidsBloodThe total amount of fatty acids in your blood; mainly the basis for calculating the omega-3 index.
  • Triglyceride/HDL ratioBloodCalculated ratio between triglycerides and HDL cholesterol; a rough impression of the lipid pattern in overweight and insulin resistance.
  • TriglyceridesBloodFats in the blood that the body stores as energy; high values are linked to diet, alcohol, overweight and diabetes.
  • VLDL lipoproteinBloodThe fat particles that carry triglycerides from the liver; largely follows the triglyceride level.

Sugar and metabolism30

  • Aconitic acidUrineAn intermediate product of the citric acid cycle, the energy production in the cell; the value in urine also depends on diet.
  • AdiponectinBloodA hormone from fat tissue that is linked to insulin sensitivity; the value actually falls with more belly fat.
  • Alpha-ketoglutaric acidUrineAn intermediate product of the citric acid cycle and amino acid metabolism; the value in urine also depends on diet.
  • Benzoic acidUrineA preservative that also occurs naturally in food and is made by gut bacteria; the value mainly follows intake.
  • Beta-hydroxybutyrateBloodThe main ketone body in the blood; shows how much the body is running on fat burning.
  • C-peptideBloodBy-product of your own insulin production; shows how much insulin the pancreas still makes itself.
  • Citramalic acidUrineAn acid found in apples and other fruit that is also made by gut bacteria; the value mainly follows diet.
  • Citric acidUrineAn intermediate product of the citric acid cycle; in urine, citrate inhibits calcium from settling out and so inhibits the formation of kidney stones.
  • Dihydroxyphenylpropionic acid (DHPPA)UrineA substance that gut bacteria make from plant substances, for example from coffee, fruit and vegetables.
  • FructosamineBloodA measure of the average blood sugar over 2 to 3 weeks; unlike for HbA1c, there are no fixed target values.
  • Fumaric acidUrineAn intermediate product of the citric acid cycle, the energy production in the cell; the value in urine also depends on diet.
  • Galactose-1-P uridyltransferaseBloodActivity of the enzyme that is missing in classic galactosemia; in the Netherlands this disease is detected through the newborn heel prick.
  • GlucoseBloodThe blood sugar at the moment of the blood draw; measured fasting, this is the test the GP uses to diagnose or rule out diabetes.
  • HbA1cBloodAverage blood sugar over the last 2 to 3 months; the standard monitoring value in diabetes and internationally also a diagnostic test.
  • Hippuric acidUrineA breakdown product of benzoic acid and plant substances from food; the value mainly follows fruit, tea, coffee and preservatives.
  • HOMA-IRBloodA calculation from fasting glucose and insulin as an estimate of insulin resistance; mainly a research measure, without a fixed cutoff value.
  • InsulinBloodThe hormone that lowers blood sugar; measured fasting, a rough measure of insulin resistance, with limited clinical value.
  • LactateBloodLactic acid in the blood; rises when tissues get too little oxygen, but also due to exercise and the blood draw itself.
  • Lactate (urine)UrineLactic acid, formed when cells break down sugar without enough oxygen; in urine mainly higher after heavy exercise.
  • Lactate/pyruvate index (urine)UrineThe ratio between lactate and pyruvate in urine; says something about how the cell breaks down sugar.
  • m-Hydroxyphenylacetic acidUrineA substance that gut bacteria make from plant substances in fruit, tea and vegetables.
  • Malic acidUrineAn intermediate product of the citric acid cycle that is also found in fruit; the value in urine partly follows diet.
  • p-Hydroxybenzoic acidUrineA breakdown product of plant-based food and of parabens, preservatives in cosmetics and food.
  • p-Hydroxyphenylacetic acidUrineA breakdown product of the amino acid tyrosine, partly made by gut bacteria; the value depends on diet.
  • ProinsulinBloodThe precursor of insulin; a small amount normally enters the blood, more when the pancreas is overworked.
  • Pyruvate (urine)UrineA breakdown product of sugar that the cell burns further for energy; the value in urine fluctuates strongly.
  • Succinic acidUrineAn intermediate product of the citric acid cycle, the energy production in the cell; gut bacteria also make it.
  • Tartaric acidUrineAn acid from grapes, wine and other fruit; the body does not make it itself, so the value follows diet.
  • Tricarballylic acidUrineAn acid that the body does not make itself and that comes from food, partly after conversion by gut bacteria.
  • Uric acidBloodA waste product from the breakdown of purines; at a high value, crystals can form that cause gout or kidney stones.

Liver and pancreas19

  • ALATBloodA liver enzyme that leaks into the blood when liver cells are damaged; the first test when a liver disorder is suspected.
  • AlbuminBloodThe main protein in the blood, made by the liver; low with inflammation, malnutrition, liver or kidney disease.
  • Albumin/globulin ratioBloodAlbumin divided by globulin; a calculated ratio that adds little to the separate values of total protein and albumin.
  • Alkaline phosphataseBloodAn enzyme from the bile ducts and bone; raised when bile drainage is blocked or when bone formation is increased.
  • Alpha-1 antitrypsinBloodA protective protein from the liver; a level that is too low may point to an inherited deficiency with consequences for the lungs and liver.
  • AmylaseBloodA digestive enzyme from the pancreas and the salivary glands; strongly raised in acute inflammation of the pancreas.
  • ASATBloodAn enzyme from the liver, heart and muscles that, together with ALAT, shows whether liver cells are damaged and how severely.
  • Bilirubin direct (conjugated)BloodThe part of bilirubin that the liver has already processed; raised when the liver or the bile drainage is not working properly.
  • Bilirubin indirect (unconjugated)BloodCalculated as total minus direct bilirubin; raised in the harmless Gilbert's syndrome or with increased breakdown of blood cells.
  • Bilirubin totalBloodThe yellow breakdown product of red blood cells; raised with a liver condition, a blocked bile duct or increased breakdown of blood cells.
  • CeruloplasminBloodThe protein that carries copper in the blood; mainly used when testing for the rare inherited Wilson's disease.
  • CholinesteraseBloodAn enzyme from the liver; shows how sensitive someone is to certain muscle relaxants and says something about the liver.
  • Gamma-GTBloodAn enzyme from the liver and bile ducts that rises when the liver is under strain, mainly from alcohol, medicines or a bile duct problem.
  • GlobulinBloodCalculated as total protein minus albumin; a rough measure of the antibodies and other globulins in the blood.
  • LDHBloodAn enzyme found in almost all body cells; raised with tissue damage or with breakdown of red blood cells.
  • LDH isoenzymesBloodDistribution of the enzyme LDH over five forms; gives a hint about which tissue a raised LDH comes from.
  • LipaseBloodA digestive enzyme from the pancreas; strongly raised in acute inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis).
  • Protein electrophoresisBloodDivides the proteins in the blood into groups and shows which group is abnormal in inflammation, liver or kidney disease.
  • Total proteinBloodThe total amount of protein in the blood, mainly albumin and antibodies; a rough measure of nutrition, liver, kidneys and immune system.

Kidneys and electrolytes12

  • BUN/creatinine ratioBloodA calculated ratio between urea nitrogen and creatinine; adds little to the individual values.
  • ChlorideBloodA salt in the blood that, together with sodium, regulates fluid balance and acidity; usually assessed together with other salts.
  • CO2 (bicarbonate)BloodThe total amount of carbon dioxide in the blood, mainly bicarbonate; a measure of the acid-base balance.
  • CreatinineBloodA waste product from the muscles that the kidneys filter from the blood; the basis for calculating kidney function (eGFR).
  • Creatinine (urine)UrineCreatinine in urine is usually not a goal in itself, but a correction value that makes other urine tests comparable.
  • Cystatin CBloodA kidney function measure alongside creatinine; less dependent on muscle mass, so useful when creatinine leaves doubt.
  • eGFRBloodA calculated estimate of the kidneys' filtration rate from creatinine, age and sex; the measure of kidney function.
  • Phosphate (inorganic)BloodThe phosphate in your blood; mainly relevant with kidney disease, an abnormal calcium or a problem with the parathyroid gland.
  • PotassiumBloodA salt that is essential for the heart and muscles; an abnormal value is often due to the blood draw itself, medicines or the kidneys.
  • SodiumBloodThe main salt in the blood; an abnormal value usually points to a disturbance of the fluid balance, not of salt intake.
  • UreaBloodA waste product from the breakdown of proteins that the kidneys excrete; says something about the kidneys, fluid balance and protein intake.
  • Urea nitrogen (BUN)BloodAn American way of reporting urea in the blood; in the Netherlands the same value is reported as urea.

Urine tests10

  • BilirubinUrineBile pigment in the urine; normally not detectable, a positive result may point to a problem of the liver or bile ducts.
  • Erythrocytes and free hemoglobinUrineBlood in the urine that you often cannot see; usually caused by menstruation, exercise or a bladder infection.
  • GlucoseUrineSugar in the urine; usually only appears when blood sugar is clearly too high, for example with diabetes.
  • KetonesUrineKetones in the urine; formed when the body burns fat instead of sugar, for example during fasting or with poorly controlled diabetes.
  • LeukocytesUrineWhite blood cells in the urine; a sign of inflammation, usually a bladder infection.
  • NitriteUrineNitrite in the urine; produced by certain bacteria and a strong sign of bacteria in the urinary tract.
  • pHUrineThe acidity of the urine; depends mainly on diet and says little about the acidity of the body.
  • ProteinUrineProtein in the urine; a possible sign of kidney damage, but often temporary due to exercise, fever or an infection.
  • Specific gravityUrineHow concentrated the urine is; mainly says something about how much you have drunk.
  • UrobilinogenUrineA breakdown product of bilirubin from the gut; raised with liver problems or rapid breakdown of red blood cells.

Thyroid11

  • Anti-TgBloodAntibodies against thyroglobulin, a protein from the thyroid; found in autoimmune diseases of the thyroid.
  • Anti-TPOBloodAntibodies against a thyroid protein; may point to an autoimmune disease of the thyroid, such as Hashimoto's disease.
  • Free T3BloodThe most active thyroid hormone; mainly of value when an overactive thyroid is suspected, less so with an underactive one.
  • Free T4BloodThe thyroid hormone thyroxine, measured as the free part the body can use; shows how much hormone the thyroid actually makes.
  • Reverse T3BloodAn inactive form of thyroid hormone; changes mainly with illness and fasting and says little about the thyroid.
  • T3 (total)BloodThe active thyroid hormone, measured as the total amount; mainly an addition when an overactive thyroid is suspected.
  • ThyroglobulinBloodA protein made only by the thyroid; the value depends on how much thyroid tissue there is and whether it is damaged.
  • Thyroxine-binding globulinBloodThe protein that carries thyroid hormone in the blood; an abnormal value does not change the free, active hormone.
  • Total T4BloodThe total amount of thyroxine in the blood, bound and free; also depends on transport protein, which is why free T4 usually says more.
  • TSHBloodThe hormone that controls the thyroid; the first step in finding out whether the thyroid is underactive or overactive.
  • TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb)BloodAntibodies that drive the thyroid to make too much hormone; they show Graves' disease in an overactive thyroid.

Hormones41

  • 16α-hydroxy-estrone (16αOH-estrone)UrineBreakdown product of estrone via the 16α route; mainly measured in scientific research.
  • 17-hydroxypregnenoloneBloodAn intermediate step in making adrenal hormones; mainly meaningful when testing for a rare inherited enzyme disorder.
  • 2-hydroxy-estrone (2OH-estrone)UrineBreakdown product of estrone via the largest breakdown route in the liver; mainly measured in scientific research.
  • 2-methoxy-estroneUrineFurther broken-down form of 2OH-estrone; mainly measured in scientific research.
  • 4-hydroxy-estrone (4OH-estrone)UrineBreakdown product of estrone via a smaller breakdown route; mainly measured in scientific research.
  • 4-methoxy-estroneUrineFurther broken-down form of 4OH-estrone; mainly measured in scientific research.
  • ACTHBloodPituitary hormone that prompts the adrenal glands to make cortisol; can only be interpreted together with a cortisol value.
  • AdrenalineUrineStress hormone from the adrenal glands in urine; rises with exercise, stress, caffeine and medicines.
  • AMHBloodHormone from the egg follicles that gives an estimate of the egg reserve; not a fertility test.
  • Androstanediol glucuronideBloodBreakdown product of the strong male hormone DHT; an indirect measure of the action of male hormone in the skin and hair.
  • AndrostenedioneBloodPrecursor of testosterone from the adrenal glands and sex glands; measured for too much male hormone in women.
  • CortisolBloodAdrenal hormone measured in the morning to detect a serious deficiency or excess; not a measure of stress.
  • CortisolSalivaFree cortisol in saliva; measured late in the evening, a test when too much cortisol is suspected.
  • Cortisol/DHEA-S ratioBloodRatio between two measured adrenal hormones; not a validated measure of stress or adrenal function.
  • DehydroepiandrosteroneBloodAdrenal hormone and precursor of testosterone and estrogen; varies over the day, DHEA-S is usually the better measure.
  • DHEASalivaThe free DHEA in saliva; follows a daily rhythm and cannot be compared one to one with DHEA or DHEA-S in blood.
  • DHEA-SBloodAdrenal hormone and precursor of male hormones; measured with symptoms of too much male hormone in women.
  • DihydrotestosteroneBloodA strong form of testosterone that acts mainly in the skin; a blood value says little about hereditary hair loss.
  • DopamineUrineDopamine in urine; largely made in the kidneys themselves and says nothing about dopamine in the brain.
  • EstradiolBloodThe most important female sex hormone; measured with cycle disorders, fertility testing and in men with breast development.
  • EstradiolSalivaThe free estradiol in saliva; varies strongly with the cycle and cannot be compared one to one with estradiol in blood.
  • EstroneBloodA weaker estrogen made mainly in fat tissue; after menopause the main estrogen in the blood.
  • Free estriolBloodA weak estrogen made during pregnancy through the placenta and the unborn child; not very informative outside pregnancy.
  • Free testosteroneBloodThe small, active part of testosterone that is not bound to protein; calculated from total testosterone, SHBG and albumin.
  • FSHBloodA pituitary hormone that controls the ovaries and testicles; high when they fail, low when the control signal falters.
  • GABAUrineGABA in urine; comes mainly from diet, gut bacteria and the kidneys and is not a measure of relaxation or anxiety.
  • GlutamateUrineGlutamate in urine; an amino acid from diet and metabolism, not a measure of irritability or brain activity.
  • Growth hormoneBloodA pituitary hormone for growth and metabolism; a single measurement says little because it is released in peaks.
  • hCGBloodPregnancy hormone from the placenta; shows whether you are pregnant and how an early pregnancy is progressing.
  • IGF-1BloodGrowth factor from the liver that shows how much growth hormone is active on average.
  • IGF-BP3BloodThe protein that binds the growth factor IGF-1 in the blood; follows the activity of growth hormone, but less sharply than IGF-1 itself.
  • LHBloodPituitary hormone that triggers ovulation and, in men, drives testosterone production; assessed together with FSH.
  • NoradrenalineUrineSignaling substance of the nervous system outside the brain, in urine; rises with exercise, standing, stress and medicines.
  • PregnenoloneBloodThe first step in making steroid hormones from cholesterol; mainly meaningful when testing for a rare adrenal disorder.
  • ProgesteroneBloodThe hormone of the second half of the cycle; shows whether ovulation has taken place, provided it is measured on the right day of the cycle.
  • ProgesteroneSalivaThe free progesterone in saliva; varies greatly with the cycle and cannot be compared one to one with progesterone in blood.
  • ProlactinBloodPituitary hormone for milk production; raised by stress, medicines or a benign pituitary tumor.
  • SerotoninUrineSerotonin in urine; comes mainly from the gut, platelets and kidneys and says nothing about serotonin in the brain.
  • SHBGBloodThe protein that binds testosterone and estradiol in the blood; needed to know how much testosterone is actually active.
  • TestosteroneBloodThe main male sex hormone; measured in men when a deficiency is suspected, in women when an excess is suspected.
  • TestosteroneSalivaThe free testosterone in saliva; follows a daily rhythm and cannot be compared one to one with testosterone in blood.

Vitamins, minerals and amino acids56

  • AC/FC ratioBloodCalculated ratio between bound and free carnitine; a hint as to whether a relatively large amount of carnitine is occupied.
  • AcylcarnitineBloodThe carnitine that is bound to fatty acid or amino acid residues; a profile of it is part of metabolic testing.
  • AlanineBloodAn amino acid that muscles and liver use for energy and blood sugar balance; rises after a meal.
  • Antibodies against intrinsic factorBloodAntibodies that disrupt the uptake of vitamin B12; used in a B12 deficiency to show pernicious anemia as the cause.
  • ArginineBloodAn amino acid that plays a role in removing nitrogen (the urea cycle) and in making nitric oxide.
  • CalciumBloodThe calcium in your blood; an abnormality is usually related to the parathyroid gland, vitamin D, the kidneys or the protein albumin.
  • Calcium (albumin-corrected)BloodCalculated estimate of the free, active calcium from calcium and albumin; mainly useful when albumin is abnormal.
  • Carnitine, freeBloodThe part of carnitine that is still freely available to bring fatty acids into the cell.
  • Carnitine, totalBloodAll the carnitine in the blood together; carnitine carries fatty acids to the energy factories of the cell.
  • Coenzyme Q10BloodThe amount of coenzyme Q10 in the blood; the value mainly follows cholesterol and says little about the stores in tissues.
  • CopperBloodThe copper in your blood; mainly used when a copper deficiency or the rare Wilson's disease is suspected.
  • Folic acidBloodThe amount of folic acid (folate, vitamin B11) in the blood; to detect a deficiency, usually together with vitamin B12.
  • Glutamic acid (urine)UrineAn amino acid that also acts as a messenger substance in the brain; in urine, the value depends on diet and storage.
  • Glutamine (urine)UrineThe most common amino acid in the body; in urine, the value mainly reflects diet and the kidneys.
  • GlutathioneBloodThe amount of glutathione in the blood; a measure without established meaning for people without symptoms.
  • GlycineBloodAn amino acid that the body makes itself; a building block of collagen and needed for detoxification in the liver.
  • Glycine (urine)UrineAn amino acid that the body makes itself; in urine, the value mainly reflects diet, supplements and the kidneys.
  • HistidineBloodAn essential amino acid from protein-rich food; among other things, the body makes histamine from it.
  • Holotranscobalamin (active vitamin B12)BloodThe part of vitamin B12 that the cells can take up (active B12); mainly helps to rule out a B12 deficiency.
  • IodineBloodIodine in your blood; says little about your iodine supply, which is assessed with urine testing and thyroid values.
  • Iodine (urine)UrineIodine in urine shows how much iodine you recently took in; it is mainly a measure for groups, not for one person.
  • IsoleucineBloodOne of the three branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) from protein-rich food, used mainly by the muscles.
  • LeucineBloodOne of the three branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) from protein-rich food; important for building muscle protein.
  • LysineBloodAn essential amino acid from protein-rich food, needed among other things to build proteins and collagen.
  • MagnesiumBloodThe magnesium in your blood; mainly shows large deficiencies or excesses and says little about the store in your body.
  • Magnesium (urine)UrineMagnesium in urine shows how much magnesium the kidneys excrete; it is not a measure of the magnesium store.
  • Magnesium intracellularBloodMagnesium in the red blood cells; sometimes used as a measure of the body's store, but without fixed cutoff values.
  • Manganese (blood)BloodManganese in blood is mainly informative when too much manganese is suspected; it is poor at detecting a deficiency.
  • MethionineBloodAn essential amino acid containing sulfur; among other things, the body makes homocysteine and cysteine from it.
  • Methylmalonic acidBloodA breakdown substance that builds up when the cells have too little active vitamin B12; the most sensitive measure of a deficiency.
  • Methylmalonic acid (urine)UrineA breakdown substance that builds up when the cells have too little active vitamin B12; used when a B12 deficiency is in doubt.
  • PhenylalanineBloodAn essential amino acid from protein-rich food that the body converts into the amino acid tyrosine.
  • SeleniumBloodThe selenium in your blood; the value mainly follows recent intake, and a deficiency is unusual in the Netherlands.
  • Selenium (urine)UrineSelenium in urine shows how much selenium you took in recently; it is not a measure of your selenium stores.
  • SerineBloodAn amino acid that the body makes itself from glucose; needed for glycine and cell membranes, among other things.
  • Taurine (urine)UrineA sulfur-containing amino acid from meat, fish and energy drinks; the value in urine mainly follows intake.
  • ThreonineBloodAn essential amino acid from protein-rich food, needed to build the body's proteins.
  • TryptophanBloodAn essential amino acid from protein-rich food; raw material for serotonin, melatonin and vitamin B3.
  • ValineBloodOne of the three branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) from protein-rich food, used mainly by the muscles.
  • Vitamin ABloodThe amount of vitamin A (retinol) in the blood; with poor fat absorption or a suspicion of too much vitamin A.
  • Vitamin B1 (thiamine)BloodThe amount of thiamine in the blood; to establish a deficiency in risk groups, such as with excessive alcohol use.
  • Vitamin B12BloodThe total amount of vitamin B12 in the blood; the first test when a B12 deficiency is suspected, with a wide gray zone.
  • Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)BloodThe amount of riboflavin in the blood; a deficiency is rare in the Netherlands and a result without symptoms says little.
  • Vitamin B3 (niacin)BloodThe amount of vitamin B3 in the blood; a deficiency is very rare in the Netherlands, and too much can result from supplements.
  • Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid)BloodThe amount of pantothenic acid in the blood; a deficiency is very rare and the blood value is a mediocre measure of it.
  • Vitamin B6BloodThe amount of vitamin B6 in the blood; a deficiency is rare, and too much from supplements can cause nerve damage.
  • Vitamin CBloodThe amount of vitamin C in the blood; a severe deficiency is rare, a mild deficiency occurs with a one-sided diet.
  • Vitamin D (25-OH)BloodThe storage form of vitamin D; shows whether there is a deficiency, but in healthy people the result usually does not change the advice.
  • Vitamin D 1,25-dihydroxyBloodThe active form of vitamin D; not the measure for a vitamin D deficiency, but for calcium and kidney problems.
  • Vitamin EBloodThe amount of vitamin E in the blood; a deficiency occurs almost only with a severe disorder of fat absorption.
  • Vitamin H (biotin)BloodThe amount of biotin in the blood; a deficiency is rare, but a high dose interferes with many other blood tests.
  • Vitamin K1BloodThe amount of vitamin K1 in the blood; mainly reflects intake over the last few days.
  • Vitamin K2BloodThe amount of vitamin K2 in the blood; a single value says little about vitamin K status.
  • Vitamin K2 MK-4BloodThe form of vitamin K2 that the body makes itself; disappears quickly from the blood, so a single value says little.
  • Vitamin K2 MK-7BloodThe form of vitamin K2 from fermented food and supplements; the value mainly follows intake.
  • ZincBloodThe zinc in your blood; a deficiency is rare in the Netherlands and the blood value says little about the stores in your body.

Inflammation and immunity19

  • ACEBloodAn enzyme that is often raised in sarcoidosis; supports the diagnosis and monitoring of that disease.
  • Acetylcholine receptor antibodiesBloodAntibodies that block signal transmission to the muscle; part of testing for the muscle disease myasthenia gravis.
  • ANA screening (antinuclear antibodies)BloodLooks for antibodies against the body's own cell nuclei; helps when lupus or a related autoimmune disease is suspected.
  • Anti-CCPBloodAntibodies that are fairly specific for rheumatoid arthritis; support the diagnosis when joints are inflamed.
  • Antimitochondrial antibodies (AMA)BloodAntibodies against the body's own mitochondria; part of testing for primary biliary cholangitis, a liver disorder.
  • Autoimmune hepatitis antibodiesBloodA blot with several liver antibodies; helps distinguish which autoimmune disease of the liver is involved.
  • CRPBloodA protein that rises quickly with inflammation or infection; shows whether there is inflammation somewhere, not where or why.
  • ENA (antibodies against extractable nuclear antigens)BloodScreening for antibodies against a set of nuclear proteins; a positive result is followed by finding out which antibody it is.
  • Erythrocyte sedimentation rateBloodHow fast red blood cells sink in a tube; an old, slow measure of inflammation, mainly useful in rheumatic diseases.
  • hs-CRPBloodAn extra-sensitive CRP measurement of mild, smoldering inflammation, used as an additional measure of cardiovascular risk.
  • IgA (immunoglobulin A)BloodThe amount of IgA antibodies; shows an IgA deficiency, which also matters for the celiac disease test.
  • IgG (immunoglobulin G)BloodThe amount of IgG antibodies, the main antibodies in the blood; low in some immune disorders.
  • IgG2BloodOne of the four subclasses of the antibody IgG; used when looking into an immune disorder.
  • IgM (immunoglobulin M)BloodThe amount of IgM antibodies, the type the body makes first in a new infection.
  • MPO-ANCABloodAntibody against the body's own enzyme myeloperoxidase; part of testing for vasculitis, inflammation of small blood vessels.
  • Parietal cell antibodiesBloodAntibodies against the stomach acid cells; part of testing for autoimmune gastritis and a vitamin B12 deficiency.
  • PR3-ANCABloodAntibody against the body's own enzyme proteinase 3; part of testing for vasculitis, inflammation of small blood vessels.
  • Rheumatoid factorBloodAntibodies found in rheumatism and Sjögren's syndrome, but also in healthy people and in other diseases.
  • Rheumatoid factor IgM (IgM-RF)BloodThe IgM type of rheumatoid factor; the form that rheumatologists use together with anti-CCP when rheumatism is suspected.

Clotting4

  • Cardiolipin antibodiesBloodAntibodies against one of the body's own fat-like cell components; part of testing for antiphospholipid syndrome.
  • Cardiolipin IgG antibodiesBloodThe IgG class of the cardiolipin antibodies; part of testing for antiphospholipid syndrome.
  • Cardiolipin IgM antibodiesBloodThe IgM class of the cardiolipin antibodies; often temporarily raised and therefore harder to interpret than IgG.
  • FibrinogenBloodA clotting protein from the liver that also rises with inflammation; mainly used when investigating a bleeding tendency.

Infections64

  • Anti-HBs (hepatitis B antibodies, titer)BloodAntibodies against hepatitis B as a number; shows whether you are protected after vaccination or a healed infection.
  • Antistreptolysin titer (AST)BloodAntibodies against a toxin from the group A streptococcus; shows whether you have had this bacterium in recent months.
  • Aspergillus antigen (galactomannan)BloodTest for a piece of the cell wall of the mold Aspergillus; mainly meaningful in people with a severely weakened immune system.
  • Aspergillus fumigatus (vaginal swab)SwabA fungus from air and dust; in a vaginal swab it usually comes from the environment and has no meaning.
  • Aspergillus fumigatus IgGBloodAntibodies against a common mold; mainly useful as support when investigating a mold reaction in the lungs.
  • Aspergillus niger (vaginal swab)SwabA black fungus from food and the environment; in a vaginal swab it usually has no meaning.
  • Babesia microti IgGBloodAntibodies against a parasite that attacks red blood cells after a tick bite; this disease hardly ever occurs in the Netherlands.
  • Bartonella henselae IgG (cat scratch disease)BloodAntibodies against the bacterium that causes cat scratch disease; IgG points to contact with the bacterium, often some time ago.
  • Bartonella henselae IgM (cat scratch disease)BloodAntibodies that appear shortly after infection with the cat scratch bacterium; they disappear quickly and are often false positive.
  • Bifidobacterium species (vaginal swab)SwabLactic acid-producing bacteria that mainly live in the gut; their role in the vagina is not well known.
  • Borrelia IgG antibodies (Lyme disease)BloodScreening test for IgG antibodies against the Lyme bacterium; a positive result must be confirmed with an immunoblot.
  • Borrelia IgM antibodies (Lyme disease)BloodScreening test for IgM antibodies against the Lyme bacterium; IgM points to a recent infection, but is often false positive.
  • Borrelia immunoblot IgG (Lyme disease)BloodConfirmation test for IgG antibodies against the Lyme bacterium; these remain detectable for years after an infection.
  • Borrelia immunoblot IgM (Lyme disease)BloodConfirmation test for IgM antibodies against the Lyme bacterium, meant after a positive screening test with matching symptoms.
  • Candida (vaginal swab)SwabTest for the yeast Candida in a vaginal swab; without symptoms, this yeast is part of the normal flora.
  • Candida albicans (vaginal swab)SwabThe yeast behind most vaginal yeast infections; also lives in the vagina of many women without symptoms.
  • Candida albicans IgABloodIgA antibodies against the yeast Candida; also occur in healthy people and say little on their own.
  • Candida albicans IgGBloodIgG antibodies against the yeast Candida; say little in healthy people, because many people carry this yeast.
  • Candida antigenBloodLooks for particles of the yeast Candida in the blood; intended for seriously ill patients or people with a weak immune system.
  • Candida glabrata (vaginal swab)SwabA yeast that is sometimes found in the vagina, often without symptoms; less sensitive to fluconazole.
  • Candida krusei (vaginal swab)SwabA yeast that is sometimes found in the vagina, usually without symptoms; not sensitive to fluconazole.
  • Candida parapsilosis (vaginal swab)SwabA yeast that mainly lives on the skin and is sometimes found in the vagina; it rarely causes symptoms there.
  • Candida tropicalis (vaginal swab)SwabA yeast that is sometimes found in the vagina, usually without symptoms; with symptoms it can cause a yeast infection.
  • CMV IgGBloodAntibodies that show whether you have ever had an infection with cytomegalovirus (CMV).
  • CMV IgMBloodAntibodies that may point to a recent CMV infection; can only be properly interpreted together with IgG.
  • Coxiella burnetii phase 1 IgG (Q fever)BloodAntibodies against the phase 1 protein of the Q fever bacterium; a strongly raised titer fits chronic Q fever.
  • Coxiella burnetii phase 2 IgM (Q fever)BloodThe first antibody to appear in Q fever; a positive phase 2 IgM on its own is not yet proof of an acute infection.
  • Diphtheria antitoxin (antibodies)BloodAntibodies against the diphtheria toxin; show how well vaccination protects you, not whether you have diphtheria.
  • EBNA IgGBloodAntibodies against the Epstein-Barr virus that only develop months after the infection; fit a case of mononucleosis some time ago.
  • EBV blot (confirmation test)BloodConfirmatory immunoblot for antibodies against the Epstein-Barr virus; helps make sense of an unclear pattern of results.
  • EBV IgG antibodies (VCA IgG)BloodAntibodies that show whether you have ever had the Epstein-Barr virus, the virus that causes mononucleosis.
  • EBV IgM antibodies (VCA IgM)BloodAntibodies that may point to a recent infection with the Epstein-Barr virus, as in mononucleosis.
  • Enterococcus species (vaginal swab)SwabGut bacteria that are also found in the vagina; without symptoms they usually have no significance.
  • Fungi (vaginal swab)SwabShows whether yeasts or molds are growing in a vaginal swab; without symptoms this says little.
  • Hantavirus Hantaan IgGBloodIgG antibodies against Hantaan virus, a hantavirus that occurs in Asia and does not circulate in the Netherlands.
  • Hantavirus IgMBloodAntibodies that develop shortly after a hantavirus infection; the main test with sudden fever and kidney symptoms.
  • Hantavirus Puumala IgGBloodIgG antibodies against Puumala virus, the hantavirus that occurs in the Netherlands; they remain present for a long time after an infection.
  • Hepatitis A IgG/IgM combi (anti-HAV)BloodAntibodies against the hepatitis A virus: shows whether you have the infection now, have had it in the past or have been vaccinated.
  • Lactobacillus species (vaginal swab)SwabLactic acid bacteria that keep the vagina slightly acidic; in women of childbearing age, the most important bacteria.
  • Legionella pneumophila antigen in urineUrineRapid test for a fragment of the Legionella bacterium in urine; in Legionnaires' disease often positive from the third day of illness.
  • Legionella species IgGBloodAntibodies against Legionella bacteria; they appear late and cannot be used to diagnose an acute pneumonia.
  • Legionella species IgMBloodAntibodies that appear first in a Legionella infection; they remain present for a long time and do not always point to something recent.
  • Leptospirosis IgM antibodiesBloodAntibodies that form shortly after an infection with leptospires, the bacteria behind mud fever and Weil's disease.
  • Malaria parasite (thick blood smear)BloodMicroscopic examination of blood for malaria parasites: the standard test for fever after a stay in a malaria area.
  • Mucor species (vaginal swab)SwabA mold from soil and spoiled food; in a vaginal swab it usually has no significance.
  • Other fungi (vaginal swab)SwabYeasts or molds in a vaginal swab that are not named separately; without symptoms they usually have no significance.
  • Parvovirus B19 IgGBloodAntibodies against the virus that causes fifth disease; shows whether you have had the infection and are protected.
  • Plasmodium falciparum antigenBloodRapid test for a protein of Plasmodium falciparum, the malaria parasite that causes the most severe form of the disease.
  • Plasmodium malariae antigenBloodRapid test for a protein of Plasmodium malariae; a mild malaria species that can still cause symptoms years after infection.
  • Plasmodium ovale antigenBloodRapid test for a protein of Plasmodium ovale; a usually mild malaria species that can come back later from the liver.
  • Plasmodium vivax antigenBloodRapid test for a protein of Plasmodium vivax; this malaria species can come back from the liver months to years later.
  • Q fever phase II, Coxiella burnetii IgGBloodIgG antibodies against the phase 2 protein of the Q fever bacterium; they show contact with the bacterium and remain present for a long time.
  • Q fever, Coxiella burnetii IgMBloodAntibodies that develop shortly after infection with the Q fever bacterium; on their own they say little.
  • QuantiFERON TB test (IGRA)BloodBlood test that shows whether you have been infected with the tuberculosis bacterium; does not say whether you are ill.
  • Strongyloides antibodiesBloodAntibody test for the threadworm Strongyloides stercoralis; mainly meaningful in people who have lived in or traveled to a tropical area.
  • Toxocara IgGBloodAntibodies against the roundworm of dogs and cats; many people have them without ever having been ill.
  • Toxoplasma gondii antibodiesBloodScreening test for antibodies against the toxoplasmosis parasite; shows whether you have ever had the infection.
  • Toxoplasmosis IgGBloodAntibodies that show whether you have ever had toxoplasmosis; mainly used when planning a pregnancy or during pregnancy.
  • Toxoplasmosis IgMBloodAntibodies that may point to a recent toxoplasmosis infection; can only be interpreted properly together with IgG.
  • Varicella zoster antibodies (IgG)BloodAntibodies against the chickenpox virus; show whether you are protected, especially important when planning a pregnancy or during pregnancy.
  • Varicella zoster IgABloodA class of antibodies against the chickenpox virus whose meaning has been little studied; says nothing about protection.
  • Varicella zoster virus IgMBloodAntibodies that may point to a recent infection with the chickenpox virus; not very reliable as a stand-alone test.
  • Zika virus IgGBloodAntibodies that point to a past infection with the Zika virus; strongly affected by cross-reaction.
  • Zika virus IgMBloodAntibodies that may point to a recent infection with the Zika virus; hard to interpret because of cross-reaction with dengue.

STIs20

  • Chlamydia trachomatis IgGBloodAntibodies against the chlamydia bacterium in the blood; they point to a past infection, not to an infection that is present now.
  • Chlamydia trachomatis PCR (urine)UrinePCR test for genetic material of the chlamydia bacterium in the first portion of urine; shows a current infection of the urethra.
  • Gonorrhea (Neisseria gonorrhoeae) PCR (urine)UrinePCR test for genetic material of the gonorrhea bacterium in the first part of the urine; shows a current infection of the urethra.
  • Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)BloodA protein of the hepatitis B virus itself; shows whether you have a hepatitis B infection now and are contagious.
  • Hepatitis C antibodies (anti-HCV)BloodAntibodies against the hepatitis C virus; shows whether you have ever been infected with hepatitis C.
  • Herpes simplex virus type 1 antibodies (HSV-1 IgG)BloodType-specific antibodies against herpes simplex type 1, the virus behind cold sores and sometimes genital herpes.
  • Herpes simplex virus type 1 PCR (urine)UrinePCR test for herpes simplex type 1 in urine; less sensitive than a swab of a blister and of little meaning without symptoms.
  • Herpes simplex virus type 2 antibodies (HSV-2 IgG)BloodType-specific IgG antibodies against herpes simplex type 2; point to a previous genital herpes infection.
  • Herpes simplex virus type 2 PCR (urine)UrinePCR test for herpes simplex type 2 in urine; less sensitive than a swab of a blister and of little meaning without symptoms.
  • HIV-1/2 combination test (antigen and antibodies)BloodTest for HIV-1 and HIV-2 that looks for both part of the virus and antibodies; without treatment, HIV breaks down the immune system.
  • HSV-1/2 IgG (herpes simplex, not split by type)BloodIgG antibodies against herpes simplex type 1 and 2 combined; shows an old herpes infection without saying which type.
  • HSV-1/2 IgM (herpes simplex)BloodIgM antibodies against herpes simplex type 1 and 2; at most an indication of a recent first infection.
  • Mycoplasma genitalium PCR (urine)UrinePCR test for Mycoplasma genitalium in the first part of the urine; most informative with long-lasting urethral symptoms or a treated partner.
  • Mycoplasma hominis PCR (urine)UrinePCR test for Mycoplasma hominis in urine; often present without symptoms, so a positive result says little.
  • Syphilis antibodiesBloodScreening test for antibodies against the syphilis bacterium; positive with active syphilis or syphilis you have had before.
  • TPHA (syphilis)BloodTest for antibodies against the syphilis bacterium; positive with an active syphilis and also after a previously treated syphilis.
  • TPHA titer (syphilis)BloodTiter measurement of antibodies against the syphilis bacterium; usually stays positive for life after a treated syphilis.
  • Trichomonas vaginalis PCR (urine)UrinePCR test for genetic material of the parasite Trichomonas vaginalis in the first portion of urine; shows a current infection.
  • Ureaplasma parvum PCR (urine)UrinePCR test for Ureaplasma parvum in urine; very often present without symptoms, so a positive result says little.
  • Ureaplasma urealyticum PCR (urine)UrinePCR test for Ureaplasma urealyticum in urine; often present without symptoms, so a positive result says little.

Gut134

  • Acetate and propionate productionStoolA calculated estimate of how much acetic acid and propionic acid the gut bacteria can make; not a measurement of the substance.
  • Acetate- and propionate-forming bacteriaStoolThe combined amount of bacteria that can make acetic acid or propionic acid from fiber.
  • Acetic acid (feces)StoolThe amount of acetic acid in the stool, a short-chain fatty acid that gut bacteria make from fiber.
  • Acetic acid, relative (feces)StoolThe share of acetic acid among the short-chain fatty acids in the stool, calculated as a percentage.
  • Akkermansia, activityStoolA measure of the activity of Akkermansia, a bacterium that lives in the mucus layer of the gut wall.
  • Alpha-1 antitrypsin (feces)StoolA blood protein in the stool; a measure of protein loss through the gut wall, used in hospital for a specific question.
  • Anti-gliadin IgA (feces)StoolAntibodies against a part of gluten, measured in the stool; not suitable for diagnosing celiac disease.
  • Anti-transglutaminase IgA (feces)StoolCeliac disease antibodies measured in the stool instead of in blood; not suitable for diagnosing celiac disease.
  • Aspergillus fumigatus (feces)StoolA mold from the environment that enters the gut with air and food; in the stool usually without significance.
  • Aspergillus niger (feces)StoolA black mold that is common on food; in the stool usually from food and without significance.
  • Bacteroides group, activityStoolA measure of the activity of the Bacteroides group, one of the largest bacterial groups in the large intestine.
  • Beta-defensin 2 (feces)StoolA defense protein of the intestinal lining; a research measurement whose meaning for health is not established.
  • Bifidobacteria group, activityStoolA measure of the activity of bifidobacteria, lactic acid-forming bacteria that mainly break down fiber and sugars.
  • Bile acids (feces)StoolBile acids in the stool; too many bile acids in the large intestine can cause diarrhea, but a single sample says little.
  • BiodiversityStoolA calculated measure of how many different bacterial species were found in the stool.
  • Butyrate productionStoolA calculated estimate of how much butyric acid the gut bacteria can make; not a measurement of the substance itself.
  • Butyrate-forming bacteriaStoolThe combined amount of bacteria that can make butyric acid from fiber.
  • Butyric acid (feces)StoolThe amount of butyric acid in the stool, a short-chain fatty acid that gut bacteria make from fiber.
  • Butyric acid, relative (feces)StoolThe share of butyric acid among the short-chain fatty acids in the stool, calculated as a percentage.
  • Butyrivibrio group, activityStoolA measure of the activity of the Butyrivibrio group, bacteria that make butyric acid from fiber.
  • Calprotectin (stool)StoolAn inflammation protein in the stool; with bowel symptoms, helps distinguish bowel inflammation from irritable bowel.
  • Candida albicans (feces)StoolThe most common yeast on skin and mucous membranes; found in the stool of many healthy people.
  • Candida glabrata (feces)StoolA yeast that also occurs in the gut of healthy people; less sensitive to some antifungal medicines.
  • Candida krusei (feces)StoolA yeast that also occurs in fermented food; in the stool of healthy people usually without significance.
  • Candida parapsilosis (feces)StoolA yeast that mainly lives on the skin and is sometimes found in the stool; without symptoms usually without significance.
  • Candida spp. (feces)StoolAll yeasts of the genus Candida together; found in the stool of many healthy people.
  • Candida tropicalis (feces)StoolA yeast that occurs in the gut of some healthy people; without symptoms usually without significance.
  • Citrobacter speciesStoolThe amount of Citrobacter, gut bacteria that normally occur in small numbers.
  • Clostridia groupStoolThe amount of bacteria from the Clostridia, a large and varied class of bacteria in the large intestine.
  • Clostridia group, activityStoolA measure of the activity of the Clostridia, a large and varied class of bacteria in the large intestine.
  • Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile (feces)StoolTest for the gut bacterium C. difficile and its toxins; only useful with diarrhea, especially during or after antibiotics.
  • Clostridium baratiiStoolThe amount of Clostridium baratii in the stool, a rarely occurring Clostridium species.
  • Clostridium bifermentansStoolThe amount of Clostridium bifermentans in the stool, a Clostridium species found in soil and the gut.
  • Clostridium histolyticumStoolThe amount of Clostridium histolyticum in the stool, a Clostridium species found in soil and the gut.
  • Clostridium septicumStoolThe amount of Clostridium septicum in the stool, a Clostridium species that is sometimes found in the gut.
  • Clostridium sordelliiStoolThe amount of Clostridium sordellii (now called Paeniclostridium sordellii) in the stool.
  • Clostridium speciesStoolThe amount of Clostridium bacteria, a group with many common gut inhabitants and a few disease-causing species.
  • Clostridium tetaniStoolThe amount of Clostridium tetani in the stool, a bacterium from soil and manure; not a test for tetanus.
  • Colonization resistanceStoolA measure calculated by the laboratory for how well the gut flora would keep out disease-causing germs; not standardized.
  • Color (feces)StoolThe color of the stool; depends mainly on diet and bile, and describes the stool at the time of sample collection.
  • Consistency (feces)StoolHow firm or loose the stool is; describes the stool at the time of sample collection.
  • Cryptosporidium (feces)StoolTest for the parasite Cryptosporidium in the stool; a cause of watery diarrhea, especially in children.
  • CyanobacteriaStoolA signal of cyanobacteria in the stool, which largely comes from plant foods.
  • D-arabinitolUrineA sugar alcohol made by yeasts such as Candida, among other sources; not suitable for detecting yeast in the gut.
  • Desulfovibrio group, activityStoolA measure of the activity of the Desulfovibrio group, bacteria that convert sulfate into hydrogen sulfide.
  • Digestion pH (feces)StoolThe acidity of the stool, measured as part of the digestion test; depends heavily on diet.
  • DiversityStoolA calculated measure of how many different bacterial species were found in the stool.
  • Diversity, totalStoolA calculated measure of how many different bacterial species were found in total in the stool.
  • Entamoeba histolytica (feces)StoolTest for the parasite Entamoeba histolytica in the stool; cause of amebic dysentery, especially after travel.
  • Enterobacter speciesStoolThe amount of Enterobacter, gut bacteria that normally occur in small numbers.
  • Enterobacteriaceae, group 1StoolA group of gut bacteria from the Enterobacteriaceae family, including Proteus species.
  • Enterobacteriaceae, group 2StoolA group of gut bacteria from the Enterobacteriaceae family, including Klebsiella and Enterobacter.
  • Enterococcus speciesStoolThe amount of enterococci, gut bacteria that normally occur in smaller numbers.
  • EPX, eosinophil protein X (feces)StoolA protein from eosinophils, white blood cells that are active in allergy and parasites; its meaning in stool is not established.
  • Escherichia coliStoolThe amount of E. coli, a common gut bacterium; most types are harmless.
  • Escherichia speciesStoolThe amount of Escherichia bacteria, which include E. coli; most types are harmless.
  • Faecalibacteria, activityStoolA measure of the activity of Faecalibacterium, a common bacterium in the large intestine that makes butyric acid.
  • Fat soaps (feces)StoolFatty acids bound to calcium in the stool; gives an impression of fat absorption, but depends heavily on diet.
  • Fats (feces)StoolUndigested fat in the stool; may point to poor fat digestion, but a single sample is unreliable.
  • Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratioStoolThe ratio between two large groups of gut bacteria; according to international experts, not useful.
  • Fusobacteria group, activityStoolA measure of the activity of Fusobacteria, bacteria that live mainly in the mouth and in small numbers in the gut.
  • Geotrichum candidum (feces)StoolA yeast-like fungus from dairy and food; also found in the stool of healthy people.
  • Giardia lamblia (feces)StoolTest for the parasite Giardia in the stool; a cause of long-lasting diarrhea, including after travel.
  • Gut biome virulence factorsStoolLooks for genes of gut bacteria that research links to disease-causing properties; not a test for an infection.
  • Gut biome virulence factors (qualitative)StoolShows whether genes of gut bacteria with disease-causing properties have been found; not a test for an infection.
  • Gut fatty acid profileStoolAn overview of the short-chain fatty acids in the stool: acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid.
  • Hafnia alveiStoolThe amount of Hafnia alvei, a bacterium from the E. coli family that is also found in foods such as cheese.
  • Helicobacter pylori (stool)StoolTest for the stomach bacterium in the stool; used with persistent stomach complaints and after treatment against the bacterium.
  • Helicobacter pylori IgABloodIgA antibodies against the stomach bacterium in blood; less well studied than IgG and not suitable for showing an active infection.
  • Helicobacter pylori IgGBloodAntibodies against the stomach bacterium in blood; show that you were infected at some point, not whether the bacterium is still there now.
  • Hemoglobin in stoolStoolA trace of blood in the stool, as an inflammation marker of the intestinal lining in a gut panel.
  • Histamine (feces)StoolHistamine in the stool, from food, gut bacteria and immune cells; does not demonstrate a food allergy or histamine intolerance.
  • HPL complexUrineA pyrrole compound in urine that some providers link to 'kryptopyrroluria'; its meaning has not been established.
  • IndicanUrineA breakdown product of protein made by gut bacteria and the liver; the value mainly follows protein and fiber intake.
  • Klebsiella speciesStoolThe amount of Klebsiella, gut bacteria that normally occur in small numbers.
  • Lactate productionStoolA calculated estimate of how much lactic acid the gut bacteria can make; not a measurement of the substance itself.
  • Lactate-forming and sugar-degrading bacteriaStoolThe combined amount of bacteria that break down sugars and fiber and can make lactic acid in the process.
  • Lactobacillus group, activityStoolA measure of the activity of lactobacilli, lactic acid-forming bacteria that are also found in fermented foods.
  • Lactoferrin (feces)StoolAn inflammation protein from white blood cells in the stool; similar to calprotectin, but without a fixed cut-off value.
  • LPS-carrying bacteriaStoolThe combined amount of gut bacteria with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in their cell wall, such as E. coli.
  • Lysozyme (feces)StoolA defense enzyme that breaks down bacterial walls, measured in the stool; what the result means has not been established.
  • Methane-forming microorganismsStoolThe combined amount of microorganisms in the gut that make methane gas.
  • Mucin degradation quotientStoolA ratio calculated by the laboratory relating to bacteria that break down the mucus on the gut wall.
  • Mucin-degrading bacteriaStoolThe combined amount of bacteria that break down the mucus (mucin) on the gut wall, such as Akkermansia.
  • Mucor species (feces)StoolA mold that grows on bread, fruit and in soil; in the stool usually from food and without significance.
  • Muscle fibers (feces)StoolUndigested muscle fibers from meat or fish in the stool; gives an impression of protein digestion, but depends heavily on diet.
  • Mycology (feces)StoolCulture of the stool for yeasts and molds; without symptoms, a positive result says little.
  • Other molds (feces)StoolMolds in the stool that are not named separately; usually from food or the environment.
  • Other yeasts (feces)StoolYeasts in the stool that are not named separately; usually from food and without significance.
  • Oxalobacter group, activityStoolA measure of the activity of Oxalobacter, bacteria that break down oxalate from food.
  • p-CresolUrineA breakdown product of the amino acid tyrosine made by gut bacteria; the value mainly follows protein and fiber intake.
  • Pancreatic elastase (stool)StoolA digestive enzyme from the pancreas, measured in the stool; shows whether the pancreas makes enough digestive juices.
  • Parasitology (feces)StoolTesting of the stool for parasites and worms; useful with persistent diarrhea or bowel symptoms after travel.
  • Parasitology TFT (feces)StoolTesting for parasites and worms in stool from three days; useful with persistent diarrhea or after travel.
  • pH (feces)StoolThe acidity of the stool; depends mainly on diet and passage through the gut, and says little on its own.
  • PMN elastase (feces)StoolAn enzyme from white blood cells in the stool; an inflammation marker that has been studied less well than calprotectin.
  • PotencyStoolA composite score from the laboratory about the gut flora; the calculation is not standardized.
  • Prevotella group, activityStoolA measure of the activity of the Prevotella group, bacteria that break down plant fibers.
  • Prevotella/Bacteroides ratioStoolThe ratio between Prevotella and Bacteroides, two groups of gut bacteria that often take each other's place.
  • Propionic acid (feces)StoolThe amount of propionic acid in the stool, a short-chain fatty acid that gut bacteria make from fiber.
  • Propionic acid, relative (feces)StoolThe share of propionic acid among the short-chain fatty acids in the stool, calculated as a percentage.
  • Proteins (feces)StoolThe amount of protein in the stool; gives an impression of protein digestion, but depends heavily on diet.
  • Proteobacteria group, activityStoolA measure of the activity of the Proteobacteria, a group that includes E. coli, among others.
  • Proteus speciesStoolThe amount of Proteus, gut bacteria that normally occur in small numbers.
  • Protozoa (feces)StoolTesting of the stool for single-celled parasites, such as Giardia; useful with persistent diarrhea or after travel.
  • Providencia speciesStoolThe amount of Providencia, bacteria from the same family as E. coli that rarely occur in the gut.
  • Pseudomonas speciesStoolThe amount of Pseudomonas, bacteria from water and soil that sometimes occur in small numbers in the gut.
  • Resident and transient gut biomeStoolAn overview of the permanent and the temporary bacteria in the gut flora in a stool sample.
  • Resident gut biomeStoolThe bacteria that settle permanently in the gut; describes the stable core of the gut flora in a stool sample.
  • Ruminococcus group, activityStoolA measure of the activity of the Ruminococcus group, bacteria that break down hard-to-digest fibers.
  • Salmonella species (feces)StoolTest for the bacterium Salmonella in the stool; a well-known cause of foodborne infections with diarrhea and fever.
  • Secretory IgA (feces)StoolAn antibody released by the intestinal lining; what the result means for your health is not established.
  • Severity of dysbiosisStoolA score from the laboratory for how much the gut flora differs from its comparison group; without a fixed definition.
  • Shigella species (feces)StoolTest for the bacterium Shigella in the stool; cause of bacillary dysentery and notifiable.
  • SkatoleUrineA substance that gut bacteria make from the amino acid tryptophan; the value mainly follows protein intake.
  • Starch (feces)StoolUndigested starch in the stool; gives an impression of carbohydrate digestion, but depends heavily on diet.
  • Sugar content (feces)StoolSugars that have not been absorbed and end up in the stool; may fit poor absorption of sugars.
  • Sulfate-reducing bacteriaStoolThe combined amount of bacteria that convert sulfate into hydrogen sulfide, such as Desulfovibrio.
  • Total fatty acids (feces)StoolThe total amount of fatty acids in the stool; gives an impression of fat absorption, but depends heavily on diet.
  • Total number of bacteriaStoolThe total amount of bacteria in a stool sample.
  • Transferrin in stoolStoolA blood protein in the stool, as an inflammation marker of the intestinal lining in a gut panel.
  • Transglutaminase (tTG) IgABloodAntibodies the body makes in celiac disease; the first blood test when celiac disease is suspected, only reliable if you eat gluten.
  • Transglutaminase (tTG) IgGBloodCeliac antibodies of the IgG type; mainly of value in people who make too little IgA, only reliable if you eat gluten.
  • Transient biotaStoolMicroorganisms that stay in the gut temporarily, for example via food; the changing part of the gut flora.
  • Transient gut biomeStoolBacteria that stay in the gut temporarily, for example via food; describes the changing part of the gut flora.
  • Tryptophan (feces)StoolA building block of protein that is measured in the stool; the meaning for health has not been established.
  • Type of dysbiosisStoolThe laboratory's classification of the gut flora into a type of disturbance; without a fixed definition or medical meaning.
  • Virulence factorsStoolLooks for features of gut bacteria that research links to disease-causing properties; not an infection test.
  • Water content (feces)StoolHow much water the stool contains; a measure of how loose or firm the stool is at the time of sample collection.
  • Worm eggs (feces)StoolTesting of the stool for eggs of intestinal worms; mainly useful with symptoms after a stay in warmer countries.
  • Worms (feces)StoolTesting of the stool for worms or pieces of worms, such as pinworms or tapeworm.
  • Yeasts and molds activity (feces)StoolA summary estimate of the amount of yeasts and molds in the stool; says little in people without symptoms.
  • Yersinia species (feces)StoolTest for the bacterium Yersinia in the stool; a less common cause of diarrhea and abdominal pain.
  • Zonulin (feces)StoolA protein linked to the permeability of the bowel wall; not validated and does not demonstrate a "leaky gut".

Allergy and intolerance14

  • Alpha-gal antibodiesBloodIgE against a sugar from red meat; part of a meat allergy that only causes symptoms hours after eating.
  • House dust mite specific IgEBloodAntibodies against house dust mite; shows whether the immune system is sensitive to house dust mite, not whether it gives you symptoms.
  • IgE allergen mix, largeBloodA broad panel of IgE tests against inhaled and food allergens; shows sensitization, not allergy.
  • IgE allergen mix, smallBloodA panel of IgE tests against common inhaled allergens; shows sensitization, not allergy.
  • IgE antibodies peanutBloodAntibodies against peanut protein; shows whether the immune system is sensitive to peanut, not whether you get symptoms from it.
  • IgE antibodies soyBloodAntibodies against soy protein; shows whether the immune system is sensitive to soy, not whether you get symptoms from it.
  • IgE antibodies to codBloodAntibodies against fish protein; shows whether the immune system is sensitive to cod, not whether it gives you symptoms.
  • IgE antibodies to cow's milkBloodAntibodies against milk protein; shows whether the immune system is sensitive to cow's milk, not whether it gives you symptoms.
  • IgE antibodies to hen's eggBloodAntibodies against egg protein; shows whether the immune system is sensitive to hen's egg, not whether it gives you symptoms.
  • IgE antibodies wheatBloodAntibodies against wheat protein; shows whether the immune system is sensitive to wheat. It is not a test for celiac disease.
  • IgE food allergensBloodA panel of IgE tests against common foods; shows sensitization, not allergy.
  • Methylhistamine (urine)UrineMethylhistamine in urine is a breakdown product of histamine; the result is mainly informative when mastocytosis is suspected.
  • Total IgEBloodThe total amount of IgE in your blood; a general measure that on its own does not show what you are allergic to.
  • TryptaseBloodA protein from mast cells; the resting value says something about the number of mast cells, and it rises shortly after a severe allergic reaction.

Metals, toxins and medication20

  • Arsenic (blood)BloodArsenic in blood shows whether you have recently taken in arsenic, usually through fish, shellfish or rice.
  • Arsenic in hairHairA toxic metalloid that you take in mainly through rice and rice products, and in some areas through groundwater from a private well.
  • Cadmium (blood)BloodCadmium in blood shows how much cadmium you have recently taken in; in the Netherlands, smoking is the largest source.
  • CDTBloodA form of the iron transport protein transferrin that increases with prolonged heavy drinking in the past weeks.
  • Codeine (urine)UrineA urine test for codeine shows whether codeine has recently been in the body, for example from a painkiller or cough syrup.
  • Cotinine (blood)BloodCotinine is the breakdown product of nicotine and shows whether someone has taken in nicotine in the past few days.
  • Cotinine (urine)UrineCotinine in urine shows whether someone has taken in nicotine in the past few days, from any source.
  • LeadBloodThe amount of lead in your blood; a measure of exposure to lead through water, work, hobbies or the environment.
  • Lead in hairHairA toxic heavy metal from old lead water pipes, old paint, work or hobbies such as stained glass and shooting.
  • Lithium (blood)BloodThe lithium level checks the dose in people who take lithium as a medicine; it is not a preventive test.
  • Mercury (blood)BloodMercury in blood shows how much mercury you have taken in over the past weeks, usually through fish.
  • Mercury (urine)UrineMercury in urine shows how much mercury your kidneys excrete; it is mainly informative after exposure to mercury vapor.
  • Mercury in hairHairMainly methylmercury from fish, especially large predatory fish; for this form of mercury, hair is a recognized measure of exposure in research.
  • Morphine (urine)UrineA urine test for morphine shows whether morphine or a related substance was in the body recently.
  • Nickel (blood)BloodNickel in blood shows how much nickel you have taken in recently; it says nothing about a nickel allergy.
  • PFOA (blood)BloodPFOA in blood shows that you have been exposed in the past; it does not predict health problems.
  • PFOS (blood)BloodPFOS in blood shows that you have been exposed in the past; it does not predict health problems.
  • Sirolimus (blood)BloodThe sirolimus level checks the dosage in people who take this immunosuppressive medicine after a transplant.
  • THC (breakdown product THC-COOH)BloodThe breakdown product of cannabis in your blood (THC-COOH); shows whether you have used cannabis in the past few days.
  • THC (urine)UrineA urine test for THC shows whether cannabis has been used in the past days to weeks.

Muscles and bones3

  • Creatine kinase (CK)BloodAn enzyme from the muscles that rises in the blood with muscle damage; often temporarily very high after heavy exercise.
  • Deoxypyridinoline (urine)UrineDeoxypyridinoline in urine is a measure of the rate of bone breakdown; it is not a test for osteoporosis.
  • Pyridinoline (urine)UrinePyridinoline in urine is a measure of the rate of bone breakdown; it is not a test for osteoporosis.
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